China

China is a culturally rich country in East Asia. China has  the world's longest continuously used written language system. "Four great inventions of Ancient China" are-paper, the compass, gunpowder,and printing. It is the most populated country in the world. It shares its border with Mongolia, Russia to the North, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the West,India Nepal, Bhutan to the southwest, Burma, Vietnam, Laos to the south,North Korea to the west. East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea border the west China.The capital city is Beijing(39 55 N, 116 23 E).The large country shares one common time zone.


HISTORY:-China was first ruled by the dynastic powers until 19th century. The last dynasty was Qing dynasty. China lost opium wars. Consequently Britain and other Western powers got commercial advantages. On 10th October, 1911, Qing dynasty was overthrown by military rebel. On 1st  January 1912 republic was established. Yuan Shikai was selected first President. Mao Zedong on 1st October, 1949, announced People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) in Beijing.

 

GEOGRAPHY:-China is geographically located at 35 00 N, 105 00 E. China is mainly mountainous. Eastern zone is formed of hills and deltas and plain land, while plateaus are high. Desert is found in the West. The coastline is 14,500 km long. The highest point is Mount Everest (8,850 m), and the lowest point is Turpan Pendi (154 m). Typhoons, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, droughts, land subsidence cause frequent damage to the land. The large country occupies total 9,596,960 sq km on earth, in which total land is 9,326,410 sq km and total water is 270,550 sq km.

 

CLIMATE:- Diversifying  climate can be noticed all over China. The northern part is tropical and southern part is sub arctic.

 

CULTURE:-In science and technology China is leading among Asian countries as well as in the world. Zheng, qin, sheng, xiao-these are some musical instruments invented by the Chinese people.The great wall of China is one of the 7th wonders of the world.China is one of the leading countries in Asia in Asian Games and the Summer Olympic Games .It is assumed that football is originated in China.

 

GOVERNMENT:-China is a Communist state. The constitution is promulgated on 4th December ,1982. There are three branches in the government:

1.Executive:- This branch consists of  the President, Vice President, Cabinet(State Council).

2.Legislative:-Legislative branch consists of unicameral National People's Congress(2,987 seats)

3.Judicial:-Judicial branch consists of Supreme People's Court, Local People's Courts, Special People's Courts.

The political parties are Chinese Communist Party, consists of  70.8 million members.

 8 minor registered parties are controlled by the Communist Party.Voting rights are universal above 18.

President        Hu Jintao

Vice President       Xi Jinping

Premier, State Council     Wen Jiabao

State Councilors Liu Yandong, Liang Guanglie, Ma Kai, Meng Jianzhu, Dai Bingguo

Secretary General       Hua Jianmin

NPC Chair        Wu Bangguo

Vice Premiers   Li Keqiang, Hui Liangyu, Zhang Dejiang, Wang Qishan

Politburo Standing Committee   Hu Jintao (General Secretary), Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun, Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang, He Guoqiang, Zhou Yongkang

 

STATES:-The Republic of China is a union of 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions (including Tibet), and 4 municipalities.

 

ECONOMY:-China is playing an important role in world economy. Chinese economy is gradually focusing on market oriented economy, which results in rapid growth in private sector. New and improved banking system, the advancement of stock markets, the rapid growth of the private sector, and  vast  upliftment of foreign trade and investment and finally development in technology has put China among the leading economies in the world.

GDP/PPP (2006 est.): $10.17 trillion; per capita $7,700.

Real growth rate: 10.7% (official data).

Inflation: 1.5%.

Unemployment: 4.2%

Arable land: 15%.

Agriculture: rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, apples, cotton, oilseed; pork; fish.

Labor force: 798 million (2006); agriculture 45%, industry 24%, services 31% (2006 est.).

Industries: mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products, including footwear, toys, and electronics; food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, and aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites.

Natural resources: coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest).

Exports: $974 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.): machinery and equipment, plastics, optical and medical equipment, iron and steel.

Imports: $777.9 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.): machinery and equipment, oil and mineral fuels, plastics, optical and medical equipment, organic chemicals, iron and steel.

Major trading partners: U.S., Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Germany, Taiwan (2004).

Monetary unit: Yuan/Renminbi

 

POPULATION:- China is very concerned with its population of 1,321,851,888 with a growth rate of  0.6%. It has undertaken ‘Population and Family Planning Law’ in 2002, permitting one child per family with an intention to stabilize the population by the first half of the 21st century.

The Literacy rate: 86% (2003 est.)

Density per sq mi: 367

 

HEALTH:-

Birth rate: 13.71 births/1,000

Death rate:7.03 deaths/1,000

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 44,000 (2003 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 22.1.1/1000

Life expectancy: 72.9;

Risk factors:

Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

Vector borne diseases: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, Japanese encephalitis, and malaria

Water contact disease: leptospirosis

Animal contact disease: rabies

 

UNICEF:-UNICEF in China works to improve child education rates, infant and maternal mortality rates, HIV awareness. UNICEF has gained a huge success in abolition of polio, and measles. 84% of the population already has immunized of Hepatitis B. For HIV, a program called National AIDS Control and Prevention Plan for 2006–2010 is introduced to prevent mother to child generation. Again online campaign on AIDS, reaches 30 million inhabitants through internet. School fees are cut off, 105 pilot schools are set up, to broaden  the scope of child education. For girls’ education, UNICEF has introduced several education plans. As a result school enrolment has increased by 50%. The Chinese Ministry of Water Resources initiates 10 year program to supply pure drinking water.

 

LANGUAGES:- Standard Chinese (Mandarin/Putonghua) is official majority language. Among other dialects there are Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages.

 

CITIES:-The capital city is Beijing.

Other important cities are:- Shanghai, Tianjin ,Wuhan, Shenyang (Mukden), Guangzhou,; Haerbin,; Xian,; Chungking (Chongquing); Chengdu; Hong Kong (Xianggang).

 

TRANSPORTATION:-

Railways: total: 71,898 (2002).

Highways: total: 1,870,661 km;

Waterways: 123,964 km (2003).

Ports and harbors: Dalian, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai.

Airports: 486

 

RACE:-

Han Chinese 91.9%

Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

 

RELIGION:-

Atheist(official).

Daoist (Taoist)

Buddhist

Christian 3%–4%

Muslim 1%–2%

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